From metabolic syndrome to cardiovascular-nephro-metabolic syndrome

Abstract

The term "metabolic syndrome" has been the subject of considerable debate as to its suitability and usefulness in clinical practice. Despite its widespread use, there are significant concerns about the accuracy of its definition, the certainty of its pathogenesis, and its value as a marker of CVD risk. More recently, it has been proposed to speak of metabolic cardiorenal syndrome because it is more explanatory of the chain of pathophysiological events that lead from an increase in adiposity to an increased risk of cardiovascular and renal disease. In this article, we update the current concepts of adipocyte dysfunction as the original cause of this condition, analyze the correct way to evaluate overweight or obese patients and propose some diagnostic and therapeutic considerations from primary prevention to secondary prevention of new events.