Preface

Abstract

Currently, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and heart failure (HF) have a high prevalence, affecting 537, 621, 850, and 64 million people worldwide, respectively. Each of them shares an additional characteristic, which is the high incidence of the other conditions, implying a significant morbidity and mortality and a significant interaction, where a higher number of conditions worsen the prognosis. This cardio-renal-metabolic continuum poses a challenge for its treatment, and multidisciplinary intervention is the management paradigm. In this context, each specialist involved will inevitably need to be trained in managing the other coexisting diseases.