Renal biomarkers in heart failure: an increasing need for sex-specific cardiovascular medicine

Abstract

Heart failure exhibits high rehospitalization rates that compromise prognosis. Sex-stratified analysis of renal biomarkers and serum electrolytes emerges as an essential prognostic strategy. Recent evidence demonstrates that glomerular filtration rate predicts readmission in men, while serum calcium does so in women, with significant interactions between sex and creatinine/chloride. These findings underscore the need to abandon the "one-size-fits-all" approach in cardiology and develop sex-differentiated predictive models. Renal biomarkers, accessible and low-cost, offer opportunities for personalized risk stratification in post-discharge follow-up. Cardiovascular medicine must systematically incorporate biological sex perspective to optimize clinical outcomes.